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Mikhail Bakhtin
Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (;〔("Bakhtin" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 (ロシア語:Михаи́л Миха́йлович Бахти́н), ; 17 November 1895 – 7 March 〔Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson, (''Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics'' ), Stanford University Press, 1990, p. xiv.〕 1975) was a Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician〔Maranhão 1990, p.197〕 and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language. His writings, on a variety of subjects, inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions (Marxism, semiotics, structuralism, religious criticism) and in disciplines as diverse as literary criticism, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and psychology. Although Bakhtin was active in the debates on aesthetics and literature that took place in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, his distinctive position did not become well known until he was rediscovered by Russian scholars in the 1960s.
== Early life ==
Bakhtin was born in Oryol, Russia, to an old family of the nobility. His father was the manager of a bank and worked in several cities. For this reason Bakhtin spent his early childhood years in Oryol, in Vilnius, and then in Odessa, where in 1913 he joined the historical and philological faculty at the local university. Katerina Clark and Michael Holquist write: "Odessa..., like Vilnius, was an appropriate setting for a chapter in the life of a man who was to become the philosopher of heteroglossia and carnival. The same sense of fun and irreverence that gave birth to Babel's Rabelaisian gangster or to the tricks and deceptions of Ostap Bender, the picaro created by Ilf and Petrov, left its mark on Bakhtin."〔Katerina Clark and Michael Holquist, ''Mikhail Bakhtin'' (Harvard University Press, 1984: ISBN 0-674-57417-6), p. 27.〕 He later transferred to Petersburg University to join his brother Nikolai. It is here that Bakhtin was greatly influenced by the classicist F. F. Zelinsky, whose works contain the beginnings of concepts elaborated by Bakhtin.
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